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(PDF) 48 BC: The Battle of Pharsalus | Steven James - blogger.com
THE ARMY AND FLEET OF PUBLIUS SCIPIO'S AFRICAN CAMPAIGN: BC. Steven James. Publius Scipio's ArmyIn relation to the number of men in Publius Scipio's army that crossed from Sicily into Africa, Livy writes that: "the number of soldiers transported to Africa the authorities differ by no small figure. In some I find that 10, infantry, 2, Download .pdf) Call for Papers / Proposals - Philosophy - / - MEMORY, INDIVIDUALS, INDIVIDUATION more by Lo Sguardo - Rivista di Filosofia, Simone Guidi, and Steven James Steven James is the critically-acclaimed author of seventeen novels whose award-winning, pulse-pounding thrillers continue to gain wide critical acclaim and a growing fan base. His latest novel, SYNAPSE, a near-future thriller, received starred reviews from both Publishers Weekly and Library Journal and was a finalist for an International Book
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Steven James. Download PDF Download Full PDF Package This paper. A short summary of this paper. The aim of this work is to critically and objectively study and understand the empirical data found in the primary sources. Until now, no such undertaking has been attempted by academia.
This study has found that the Roman social and military systems were designed for the Romans by Pythagoras in BC. This means that all Roman military organisations are based on Pythagorean principals of mathematics and geometry.
Publius Scipio believed steven james pdf download by attacking Africa and with Carthage under threat, the Carthaginian senate would recall Hannibal to Africa. Was Publius Scipio afraid to face Hannibal in battle?
As part of the conditions of being allowed to invade Africa, the senate disallowed Publius Scipio to raise men by the traditional levy while in Italy. To overcome this obstruction, steven james pdf download, Publius Scipio enlisted volunteers.
Livy claimed some of the volunteers came from Etruria, Umbrian and the Sabine communities. The city of Camerinum also sent a cohort of men. The false narrative wants to highlight that no matter the obstacle placed in his path, Publius Scipio could surmount them, and because of his immense popularity, masses of men from all of Italy were only too willing to serve under him.
In some I find that 10, infantry, 2, cavalry were embarked; in others 16, infantry, 1, cavalry; in others the total is more than doubled — 35, infantry and cavalry. Some authorities have not introduced the figures, and it is among these that I should myself prefer to be counted in view of the uncertainty.
Coelius, while he gives no figures, nevertheless immensely increases the impression of great numbers. He says that birds fell to the ground owing to the shouts of the soldiers, and that such a multitude boarded the ships that not a human being seemed to be left either in Italy or Sicily.
Pomponius Matho. Besides these two legions, the only other troops available to Publius Scipio were the Cannae and the Herdonea exiles, sent to Sicily in disgrace, which amounted to two legions. Of the 10, men in Sicily, after Publius Scipio levied 3, men from the 10, men, this left Sicily with 7, men. Those 3, men that were selected for Africa were then replaced. In relation to the military, the Romans follow strict procedures of replacing troops based on the Pythagorean principal of the perfect fifth.
The Pythagorean tetrachord represents the following musical notes and their tonal steven james pdf download, pitch number: 6D 8G 9A 12 Db The Pythagorean cosmos represents the musical notes C and F, while the Pythagorean steven james pdf download represents the musical notes G and lower c.
Following the principals of the Pythagorean perfect fifth, each legion and its allocated cavalry consisted of five parts each of infantry and 96 cavalry as shown in the following table. In the Pythagorean system, the figure of 2, equates to the musical note G and its musical proportion of nine. Therefore, of the required 21, infantry, Publius Scipio recruited 16, infantry in Italy and levied 2, infantry from the two legions stationed in Sicily, leaving 6, infantry to protect Sicily.
The 16, infantry consists of 8, steven james pdf download, Roman infantry and 8, allied infantry. The steven james pdf download, infantry consists of 1, Roman infantry and 1, allied infantry.
The 6, infantry consists of 3, Roman infantry and 3, allied infantry. This would allocate each legion cavalry, for a total of 2, steven james pdf download, cavalry. The 2, cavalry were organised into 60 squadrons each of 36 cavalrymen.
This would allocate each of the four legions cavalry organised into 15 steven james pdf download each of 36 cavalrymen. A 36 man cavalry squadron was further organised into four centuries each of nine cavalrymen.
To arrive at nine cavalrymen per cavalry century, the 2, cavalry is divided by the infantry centuries in the four legions, which omits the 40 centuries of exiled triarii.
Appian has Publius Scipio sail to Sicily with a bodyguard of chosen Italian youths without arms. Rather than go to war, the wealthy Sicilians offered their arms and horses to Publius Steven james pdf download unarmed Italian youths.
On the appointed day, the Sicilian nobles arrived with their horses and arms, steven james pdf download. All of the Sicilian nobles elected not to serve. In this manner, Publius Scipio managed to equip and train men without any financial expense to the Roman state. It is incomprehensible that Publius Scipio would select as his bodyguard, youths who had no weapons and more importantly, were untrained. With the cavalry being one-tenth of the infantry, Publius Scipio recruited 2, cavalrymen in the following manner: Italy Sicily infantry infantry cavalry cavalry guard cavalry 36 guard cavalry cavalry cavalry The 16, steven james pdf download were organised into centuries each of 80 infantry 20 velites, 60 hastati or 60 princeps, or 60 triariiand when the centuries are multiplied by nine cavalrymen per infantry century, this produces 1, cavalry, of which steven james pdf download, were legionary cavalry and guard cavalry.
The 2, infantry in Sicily were organised into 36 centuries each of 80 infantry, thereby producing legionary cavalry and 36 guard cavalry. This does not necessarily mean that Publius Scipio personally had guard cavalry. After deducting the guard cavalry, the remaining 1, cavalry were organised into 60 squadrons each of 32 cavalrymen. In the Pythagorean system, the figure of 1, steven james pdf download, equates to the tone number multiplied by 10, which is the musical note C and its musical proportion six, steven james pdf download.
The 60 steven james pdf download were further organised into six alae 3 Roman and 3 allied alae each of cavalrymen steven james pdf download squadrons each of 32 cavalrymen. These men are reinforcements and do not represent a legion of 6, men.
With a tribune cohort having a frontage of infantry and a depth of four infantry, by allocating each soldier three feet, each legion had a frontage of feet and a depth of 28 infantry. The four legions had a frontage of infantry 1, feet. Of the six alae, the right wing consisted of the three Roman alae arrayed one ala wide by three alae deep.
In order to approximate to the same depth of the infantry 28 meneach 32 man cavalry squadron was arrayed four horses wide by eight horses deep. By following Hyginus and allocating five steven james pdf download per horse, each squadron had a frontage of 20 feet and with the inclusion of squadron intervals; each squadron had a frontage of 40 feet and each alae feet.
The left wing consisted of three allied alae arrayed in the same manner as the Roman cavalry. Therefore, the 21, infantry would require infantry transports. While in Italy, Appian gives Publius Scipio 10 warships, which also has been rounded from 12 quadriremes. The ships allocate each of the four legions ships consisting of: 1 guard quinquereme 5 quinqueremes 3 quadriremes 20 velites transports 30 hastati transports 20 princeps steven james pdf download 20 triarii transports 99 ships 9 horse transports ships The 90 infantry transports in a legion were organised into 9 squadrons each of 10 infantry transports consisting of: 2 squadrons of velites 3 squadrons of hastati 2 squadrons of princeps 2 squadrons of triarii 9 squadrons As there are three squadrons of hastati, and three quadriremes, the quadriremes have been allocated to the hastati as the hastati squadron command ships.
When sailing for Africa, according to Livy, Publius Scipio and Lucius Scipio commanded the right division with 20 warships rounded from 18 warshipswhile Laelius, prefect of the fleetand Porcius Cato quaestor commanded the left division, also with 20 warships rounded. The two guard quinqueremes acted as the legion command ships.
Added to this the wind dropped. However, a fresh wind arose, steven james pdf download. The same day, on sighting Africa, a fog formed and the wind dropped, causing the fleet to cast anchor.
He Coelius adds that as the ships were leaking badly and all but sinking, the soldiers took to the boats without order just as though they were shipwrecked steven james pdf download escaped to land without arms and in the utmost disorder. Related Papers Battle of Hibera BC By David Feeney. The Role of steven james pdf download Roman Navy in the Second Punic War: The Strategic Control of the Mediterranean By Alex Michael Elliott.
Logistics of the Roman Army at War By Larisa Hibovschi. La Palma-Nova Classis: a Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus encampment during the Second Punic War in Iberia By Jaume Noguera Guillén. Download pdf. About Press Blog People Papers Job Board Advertise We're Hiring!
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